Glossary entry

Chinese term or phrase:

"卅l湅大刀"

English translation:

30-layer fold-forged broadsword

Added to glossary by chica nueva
Jan 26, 2008 08:32
16 yrs ago
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Chinese term

"卅l炼大刀"

Chinese to English Art/Literary History 中国历史:我国古代冶炼和铸造技术
After mastering iron-smelting, by the Warring States period the ancient people had invented steel-smelting technology and produced many kinds of steel-making methods. 铸铁脱碳钢冶炼was one of China's early ancient steel-making crafts. White cast pig iron was passed through a decarbonising and annealing treatment. The early Warring States period steel adze unearthed at Luoyang is this type of steel product. 灌钢冶炼 is a steel-making method where pig iron and malleable iron are combined and smelted. The composition can be controlled very well and high carbon steel can be smelted. 炒钢冶炼 is when pig iron is heated until it liquefies, and a blast of air is used to make the silicon and carbon oxidise, so that the carbon content of the pig iron is reduced to that of steel, and consequently the pig iron is smelted into steel. 炒钢冶炼 was invented at the end of the Western Han, but it was not until the mid eighteenth century that Europe knew about this method of making steel. Tempered steel is mainly made by using 炒钢 as a raw material and passing it through repeated heating and forging. The "卅l炼大刀" , made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and unearthed in Shandong, is a tempered steel product.
Proposed translations (English)
3 +1 30-layer fold-forged knife
Change log

Jan 26, 2008 08:32: changed "Kudoz queue" from "In queue" to "Public"

Jan 27, 2008 03:30: Huijun Suo Created KOG entry

Jan 27, 2008 08:37: chica nueva changed "Edited KOG entry" from "<a href="/profile/614331">Huijun Suo's</a> old entry - ""卅l炼大刀""" to ""30-layer fold-forged broadsword""

Discussion

chica nueva (asker) Jan 27, 2008:
Steel Dao of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is 1.12 meters long, with a spine/back thickness of 1 centimeter and breadth 3 centimeters. The gold inlaid Chinese inscription actually states the year of manufacture (AD 112) and that the blade was forged from a process of "30 refinings". Steel blades at this time were typically forged and folded (resulting in the creation of multiple layers of steel), of forge-welded/laminated construction and differentially heat-treated.
chica nueva (asker) Jan 26, 2008:
Perfection of the forging and folding process resulting in blades being graded as thirty, fifty, and one hundred "refinings". The higher the number, the better the blade's quality. This is the "refinings" process mentioned earlier. It was also most likely transmitted to Korea
chica nueva (asker) Jan 26, 2008:
or 卅湅大刀

Proposed translations

+1
1 hr
Selected

30-layer fold-forged knife

http://guoxue.blogbus.com/logs/3484880.html
中国古代炼钢技术之三 百炼钢及其工艺实质
我国古代标以炼数的钢铁加工工艺约始见于东汉早、中期,最初有“卅湅”、“五十湅”等。... 1974年山东苍山县收集到一枚三十炼钢刀,全长111.5厘米,刀背上有18字错金铭文:“永初六年五月丙午造卅湅大刀吉羊宜子孙。”
...
从现有资料看,“百炼钢”说约出现于东汉晚期,至魏晋南北朝,这工艺便达到了比较繁盛的阶段。
...
关于“百炼”的具体操作,从多方面的资料来看,至少应包括三种类型:
  (1)多层积叠锻合法,即把许多块料积叠并锻合在一起。这些原料的成分可以相同,也可以不同;积叠锻合后也可再次折叠。这有三方面资料可为佐证。
...
二是实物资料。科学分析表明,永初六年“卅湅刀”和建初二年“五十湅”长剑金相组织都明显分层,前者在刃部取样含碳量约0.6-0.7%,夹杂物细薄分散,变形量较大,分布均匀,大体为30层左右。后者刃部组织分为三部分,中心部分约可分为15层,含碳量0.7-0.8%,组织均匀;两个边部对称,各有20层左右,含碳量不甚均匀,高碳部分为0.6-0.7%,低碳部分为0.3-0.4%,总计为50余层。柯俊等:《中国古代的百炼钢》,《自然科学史研究》1984年第4期。可见在早期百炼钢工艺中,炼数与组织层数之间存在一定关系。当然,未必所有百炼钢皆是如此,“百”当言多,而非严格的数字指数。

http://www.htchi.com/archiver/tid-102918.html
折叠锻打:折叠锻打是将烧红的钢块捶打锻造,钢块捶打开后再折叠起来捶打,如此反复,追打到第10次,就会有1024层的钢材,通过这一步骤,可将钢中 硫等杂质和多余的碳素等清除,以增钢材弹性与韧性。这就好比揉面一般,捶打的层数越多,钢材中的碳和各种成份就会更加均一,铁晶体也会更细致,最终锻造出来的钢材质量均一、达数千层,十分强韧。

百炼钢:所谓“百炼钢”,就是将块炼铁反复加热折叠锻打,使钢的组织致密、成份均匀,杂质减少,从而提高钢的质量。用百炼钢制成的刀剑质量很高。现在见到的最早百炼钢实物是东汉时期的制件。1974年,山东省临沂地区苍山汉墓中,出土了一把东汉永初六年(公元112年)制造的钢刀,全长111.5厘米,刀背有错金铭文:“永初六年五月丙午造卅湅大刀吉羊宜子孙”。“湅”,即是炼的意思。

百炼钢的品种繁多,见于记载的有:“五炼”、“九炼”、“卅炼”、“五十炼”、“七十二炼”及“百炼”。曹操曾命有司造“百辟刀”五把,在《内诫令》中称它们为“百炼利器”。孙权有三口宝刀,其中一口名“百炼”。蒲元为刘备造的宝刀,上刻“七十二炼”。由此可见,在三国时期,百炼钢已经相当普遍了。到了魏晋时期百炼钢发展到了鼎盛的阶段,之后一直沿用到了明清时期。百炼钢制作比较艰难,成本比较高,主要用来制造宝刀、宝剑等一类贵重器物,它凝聚着我国古代劳动人民的勤劳和智慧,一定程度上反映了当时金属冶炼和加工技术的先进水平。

Folded Steel? Text - Physics Forums Library
There were dozens of techniques for forging a sword and many of them were as good if not superior to fold forging The basic construction of the Japanese ...
www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-109415.html
Peer comment(s):

agree H. J. Zhang : 大刀:broadsword
2 hrs
Thanks for reminding!
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4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "Thank you very much! Great research."
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